Physical Education and Sports Terminology
A
(i)Acceleration The
rate of change of velocity over time (where velocity is the rate of change of
position with respect to direction).
(ii) Aerobic Activity Steady activity in which
the heart can supply all the oxygen the muscles need. "With Oxygen"
Aerobic Endurance The body's ability to take in and use oxygen so the muscles
can keep working. The most important element of fitness.
(iii) Agility The ability to
change the position of your body and/or its parts quickly and accurately.
(iv) Anaerobic Activity "Without oxygen." Activities for which the body
can't supply enough oxygen to keep going for long periods of time.
(iv) Assessment
of physical activities A process of judging/grading a person's level in relation
to a set of criteria. It involves a process of planning, performing,
evaluating, analyzing, and improving chosen physical activities.
(vi) Aerobic Endurance
The body's ability to take in and use oxygen so the muscles can keep working. The most
important element of fitness.
B
(i) Balance The
ability of the body to maintain or regain stability. Bench Press Lay on a bench,
flat on the back. Press from chest to full extension. Bicep Muscle The large muscle
in the front part of the upper arm.
(ii) Body Composition
The relative proportions of fat and lean (non-fat) body mass. Body Mass Index
(BMI) A formula that determines a healthy body weight based on height.
C - (i) Cardiovascular Endurance The heart, lungs, and blood vessels work together as a
team to allow one to stay active and exercise for a long period of time.
Cardiovascular Fitness Ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to
function efficiently when a person exercises the body.
(ii) Circuit Training - Training that uses a circuit of exercises around a number of different workstations.
(iii) Cool-down - A cool-down brings the mind and the body back to a relaxed
state. Helps to reduce the risk of injury.
(iv) Coordination The ability to control,
and put together (integrate) movements made by different parts of the body.
(v) Core Lifts The 5 ground base lifts most commonly used: bench press, parallel
squat, power clean, incline bench, and front squat.
(vi) Cramp A sudden,
uncontrollable, painful contraction of a muscle or a group of muscles, that may
last for only seconds, or for hours at a lower intensity. Treated by stretching
and massage.
D
(i)Defense The team trying to prevent the other team from scoring.
(ii) Deltoid Muscle - Muscle of the shoulder by which the arm is raised.
E
(i)Endurance
Stamina, the ability to keep going for long periods. Includes
cardiovascular-respiratory (heart-breathing) endurance, and muscular endurance.
(ii) Exercise Involves exertion of the body. It is important in maintaining general
health and includes cardiovascular-respiratory (heart-breathing) endurance,
muscular endurance, strength, mobility and flexibility, and body composition.
(See also Physical fitness).
(iii) Extend To straighten a joint.
F
(i) Fine Motor Skills
Involve movements using small groups of muscles in delicate actions, eg. wrist
action in table tennis.
(ii) Flexibility The ability of joints to move throughout
their full range of motion.
(iii) Force Force can be described as a 'pull' or a
'push'.
(iv) Form Placement of body parts during exercise.
(v) Foul A major infraction
of the rule; may include a penalty against the player and/or team.
(vi) Frequency
How often you do a particular activity.
G
(i) Gluteal Muscles One of the muscles of
the buttocks.
(ii) Goal Scoring in an activity.
(iii) Gross Motor Skills These are skills
that involve large groups of muscles, eg. discus throwers.
H
(i) Hamstring Muscle
A muscle group located on the back of the thigh.
(ii) Hydration To supply water to a
person in order to restore or maintain a balance of fluids.
I
(i) Isometric Muscle
Action Occurs when a muscle starts to contract and shorten but is then stopped
by an immovable resistance
(ii) Isotonic Muscle Action Normal muscle action, when
the muscle shortens as it produces movement, eg. a biceps curl.
(iii) Incline Bench
Lay on a bench raised at 45 degrees, press bar from chest to full extension.
(iv) Intensity How physically hard the activity.
(v) Interval Training Training with
alternating work intervals and rest intervals
(vi) Involuntary Muscle Muscle that
you cannot control by your conscious decisions.
J
K
L
(i) Latissimus Dorsi - Roughly triangular muscles covering the lower part of the back, extending from the sacral, lumbar, and lower thoracic vertebrae to the armpits. (Large
muscle attached to the back and the arm)
(ii) Lifetime Sports A sport that can be played
by people of all ages.
(iii) Low Impact Aerobic Exercise Exercise with one foot
contacting the floor at all times.
M
(i) Motor (movement) Skill There isn't a
single, agreed definition of a motor skill. We could say that motor skill is,
'the learned ability to perform in a physical activity efficiently,
successfully, and consistently'.
(ii) Muscular Endurance The power of a muscle to
keep on working. The max. number of reps one can push, pull or carry.
(iii) Muscular
Strength The ability of muscles to work. The max amount of weight one can lift,
push, pull, or carry at one time.
(iv) Muscle Body tissue that lengthens and
shortens to cause movement of the bones that results in body movement.
N
O
(i) Offense The attacking team who is trying to score.
(ii) Out of Bounds
(iii) Outside of
playing area.
P
(i) Parallel Squat With a bar on back/shoulders, the top of your
thighs should be about parallel to the floor or slightly lower, in a
well-executed squat.
(ii) Participation The taking part in physical activities.
(iii) Pectoral Muscle The large muscle of the chest.
(iv) Physical Fitness A physical
state of well-being.
(v) Power The ability to use strength quickly.
(vi) Power Clean The
movement in which the bar starts on the floor and through a jumping and rowing
motion, the bar finishes on your chest.
(vii) Pulse The rhythmic beat of the blood
being pumped by the heart through the arteries, which are swollen in diameter
when the heart contracts, and recoil back to normal when the heart relaxes. Can
be felt at the wrist and at the side of the neck.
Q
(i) Quadricep Muscle The muscle
on the front of the thigh.
R
(i) Range of Motion The amount of movement one can
make in a joint.
(ii) Reaction Time How quickly you respond to something.
(iii) Relaxation
A process of reducing tension, rigidity, anxiety, and intensity. Specific
techniques can be developed eg. Progressive Muscular Relaxation, the Quiet
Place, Centering.
(iv) Repetitions The number of consecutive times one does an
exercise.
(v) Resistance Opposition to a force or a movement.
(vi) Response Time The
time it takes to respond to some stimulus, eg. the actions of people.
(vii) Resting
Heart Rate The number of heart beats during a period of inactivity.
(viii) Routine
Performing movements in the same way time after time. A technique used to
enhance skill performance.
S
(i) Set A group of repetitions for an exercise.
(ii) Skills
A capacity to perform a specific task that involves the use of muscles and
nerves together with the brain.
(iii) Speed The ability to perform a movement or
cover a distance in a short period of time.
(iv) Sport This term is used in many
different ways. It could be described as 'a type of physical activity which you
choose to compete in fairly, and try to win.' There have been many attempts to
divide sport into different groups.
(v) Sportsmanship Playing within the rules with
a good attitude and with respect to others.
(vi) Stability (of the body) This
involves the equilibrium or balance of the body on a base, it is increased if:
the area of the base is wider or larger; the center of gravity is lowered; the
center of gravity is brought nearer to the center of the base.
(vii) Strength The
amount of force that is produced by muscles contracting. Includes static or
isometric strength, where effort is made against an immovable resistance; and
dynamic or isotonic strength where effort moves a resistance.
(viii) Stretching
Exercise to improve flexibility. This can be passive, eg. limb being pushed to
the limit of movement by a partner; active, eg. moving and holding your own
stretch position; and ballistic, eg. swinging arms and/or legs.
T
(i) Techniques
The basic patterns of movement which have to be developed in every activity.
(ii) Time How long you do the activity.
(iii) Training (physical) A process which is
designed to improve physical capacity, fitness, skill, etc.
(iv) Triceps Muscle
Muscle located on the back of the upper arm.
(v) Type What kind of exercise.
U
V
Variation (of training) Training should be varied to prevent boredom occurring
and injuries developing. Variation should always be safe.
(ii) Voluntary Muscle
Muscle that can be controlled by your conscious decisions
W
(i) Warm-up A warm-up
should involve a gradual increase in the heart rate and breathing rate, a
slight rise in body temperature, and prepare the mind and the body for
activity. Helps to reduce the risk of injury.
(ii) Work Out The part of the physical
activity program during which a person does activities to improve fitness.
(iii) Weight Training The lifting of weights to build strength. Also called resistance
training
